"Les intellectuels de gauche" s'intéresse à l'engagement des intellectuels progressistes dans la vie politique suisse, de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale au fameux cycle de contestation de 1968, une période souvent délaissée par la recherche historique. Ce livre permet aussi de mieux comprendre le conservatisme helvétique de l'époque de la guerre froide et la manière dont l'establishment a marginalisé, voire réprimé, des personnalités jugées trop critiques.
Cet article étudie le Mouvement contre l'armement atomique (MCAA), fondé en Suisse en 1958 pour s'opposer au projet de bombe A annoncé par les autorités. La proposition portée par le MCAA d'interdire l'arme atomique a certes été rejetée par la population lors d'un scrutin populaire en 1962, au terme d'une campagne où les partisans du feu nucléaire ont invoqué le spectre d'un affrontement militaire entre les blocs pour légitimer leur projet. Malgré cet échec, le MCAA joue un grand rôle dans l'histoire politique de la Suisse. Il est en effet à l'origine d'une des principales remises en cause de la politique gouvernementale dans l'après-guerre. Le MCAA devient à ce titre un lieu central de transmission d'expériences politiques entre la génération pacifiste engagée depuis la Grande Guerre et celle, plus jeune, qui prépare le terrain pour les nouveaux mouvements sociaux des années 1968.
Political and cultural life in Switzerland in the 1950s was characterized by a particularly fervent anti-Communism. This position was sustained by Swiss authorities as they promoted "spiritual national defense," a policy that consisted—in the struggle against Soviet influence—of subsidies for patriotic works of art or essays and the covert prosecution of citizens (in particular, intellectuals and artists) suspected of having Communist sympathies. This article examines the rise of Swiss anti-Communism, including the reestablishment of political censure at the beginning of the Cold War, which led to a series of legal procedures against Communist intellectuals and on several occasions to prison sentences. The article assesses the impact of major international events on official policy measures implemented in Switzerland, including the Korean War, the rise of McCarthyism, and the Soviet intervention in Hungary. It also examines the attenuation of "spiritual national defense" in the 1960s with the rise of East-West détente.
The ban on Paths of Glory imposed in 1958 by the Swiss Government illustrates the ideological fractures linked to the Cold War and to the Algerian War. This antimilitarist film directed by Stanley Kubrick tells the story of French soldiers who were court-martialled and unfairly executed during the First World War. The decision of the Swiss authorities was an attempt to prevent the spread of an antimilitarist movement, at a time when "armed neutrality" was deemed essential in the face of threats from the East. This ban also brought into question the cultural influence of France on its neighbouring states, all the more so since Switzerland was playing an important diplomatic role in the context of the Algerian War.
Résumé Cet article analyse l'élaboration de la « posture » de Maurice Blanchot dans l'immédiat après-guerre (1944-1948). Le passé de Blanchot, marqué par des positions politiques d'extrême droite, le conduit à un repositionnement conséquent dans le champ littéraire de la Libération, profondément restructuré par l'épuration des écrivains collaborateurs. Cela se traduit par l'élaboration de la « posture » de l'écrivain en retrait et la revendication d'une autonomie littéraire radicale. Concevant cette posture comme une forme de participation au champ littéraire, l'auteur montre comment Blanchot a été amené à réviser ses postulats critiques et à réorienter son activité littéraire en fonction de la nouvelle donne du champ littéraire de la Libération, notamment vis-à-vis de l'avant-garde issue de la Résistance et dominée par Sartre, qui promeut le modèle de l'écrivain engagé.
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction. "Low-Tax Predators" Rather Than "Tax Havens": New Perspectives on the History of the International Tax Evasion and Avoidance Market -- A History Still in Its Infancy -- A New Periodization and Its Consequences -- Factors Behind the Formation and Development of Tax Havens -- The Predatory Role of Tax Havens -- The Need for a Rigorous Definition and a Sound Concept of Tax Havens -- References -- Part I Emergence and Expansion of Tax Havens -- 2 The Emergence and Expansion of Tax Havens, 1850-2000: Insights from a New Dataset -- The Construction of a Dataset on Tax Havens' History -- The Role of Legal Reforms -- Data -- The Development of Tax Havens -- Determinants -- The Role of Demand -- Other Determinants -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3 Emergence and Expansion of the Swiss Tax Haven: The Tax Privileges for Rich Foreigners in the Canton of Vaud, 1840-1959 -- Some Figures -- Why Attract Wealthy Foreigners? -- The Tax Exemption of Wealthy Foreigners at the Heart of the Emergence and Development of Wealth and Income Taxation (1840-1916) -- The Lump-Sum Taxation: A Product of the First World War (1918-1946) -- The Effects of the Second World War: A Minimal Revision of Lump-Sum Taxation (1947-1959) -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 4 Emergence of, and Threats to, the Belgian Tax Haven During La Belle Epoque, 1890-1914 -- 'A Convenient and Safe Haven' -- New Military Expenses and the French Initiative -- Levie's Taxes -- The Excellence of Levie's Speech -- The Four Tax Rules of Charles Woeste -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 The Oil Multinational Shell's History of Using Tax Evasion Methods, Including Tax Havens and Political Pressure, 1914-1974 -- Introduction -- Avoiding Dutch Taxes Via a 'Trick'.
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This book is a brilliant collection of case studies depicting an in-depth overview of the origins of tax evasion and tax havens in select countries in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It does an excellent job in enhancing our understanding of the history of tax havens and its link to capitalist globalisation. Aretha Campbell, author of Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Tax Evasion (Palgrave, 2021) This book is the very best in-depth historical study we have of tax evasion and tax havens, and the related development of modern states, over the period since globalisation gathered momentum in the late nineteenth century. W. Elliot Brownlee, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara This collective book offers a panorama of the history of tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax havens from the nineteenth century to the present day, based on the latest research in contemporary history. It aims to show that this phenomenon is at the heart of global capitalism, partly as a response of the ruling classes to the rise of progressive taxation, but for other reasons too: notably the development of a powerful tax evasion and avoidance industry in different countries. The book argues that tax competition between states has stimulated the development of tax havens. It discusses the notion of the tax haven and proposes a more rigorous concept - that of the tax predator. Finally, the book sheds light on the socio-political conflicts that have developed around tax evasion and the way in which states have fought against or tolerated the phenomenon. Sbastien Guex is Full Professor of History at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. His research interests lie in social, economic and political history, and he has studied public finance, taxes, and tax havens - in particular the Swiss tax haven. He is a member of the federal commission in charge of the publication of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland series. Finally, he is one of the founders, in 2002, of one of the most influential NGOs on tax policy at the international level, the Tax Justice Network (TJN). Hadrien Buclin is a part-time Lecturer at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. He was also, in 2017-2019, a visiting research fellow at Paris 1 University. His research focuses on the social and political history of Switzerland in the twentieth century. He is the author of Les intellectuels de gauche: critique et consensus dans la Suisse daprs-guerre (1945-1968) (2019), as well as several scientific papers
Cet article étudie l'évolution du coût de la détention dans le canton de Vaud entre 1845 et 2015. Il met en lumière que les prisons sont loin d'entraîner un coût exorbitant pour les finances publiques. En effet, le travail des détenus et la vente de produits qui en résulte permettent à l'État de dégager des recettes importantes ; certaines années, des établissements de détention parviennent même à couvrir la quasi totalité de leurs frais de fonctionnement grâce au travail des prisonniers. Dans la deuxième moitié du XX e siècle, malgré l'augmentation du coût de la détention, notamment provoquée par la hausse des salaires du personnel pénitentiaire, le budget des prisons continue à absorber une part modeste du Produit intérieur brut. Ce constat permet de questionner les discours répandus autour du prétendu coût exorbitant de la détention, ainsi que leurs potentielles instrumentalisations politiques.
